3D Bioprinting: Emerging Paradigms in Repair, Regeneration, and Microarchitectural Remodelling

Abstract

In the field of regenerative medicine, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is emerging as a transformative technology focusing on the science of biomaterials, cell development, and additive manufacturing to fabricate functional tissues and organs. Wide range of combinations as bioinks composed of living cells, biomaterials, and growth factors, used to design the precise, layer-by-layer deposition mimics the native tissue architecture. Although the recent advances in in situ bioprinting have expanded applications in wound healing and localized repair. However, clinical translation remains limited by challenges such as inadequate vascularization, mechanical instability, bioink variability, and scalability. Ongoing innovations—including multi-material printing, dynamic crosslinking, computer-aided design, and artificial intelligence integration—are enhancing construct fidelity and functionality. This review highlights current progress, biomedical applications, and future directions, with emphasis on strategies to achieve clinically viable, patient-specific tissue and organ replacements.